The BRAVE is a brief self-report measure that can be typically completed in under 5 minutes.
Responses to items are made on a five-point Likert scale, from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Scores are calculated by summing the point values of the responses from a participant. Higher scores indicate greater levels of characteristics associated with resilience to violent extremism.
In addition to an overall score, five subscale scores can also be calculated:
For further information on administration and scoring, please refer to the manual for the measure which can be accessed through this site.
Before implementing the BRAVE, we strongly advise that you consider how the measure can be adapted to your particular context.
For example, we recommend holding meetings with selected members of the community in which the research is being conducted. A Local Advisory Committee (LAC) can provide valuable input, such as suggestions on contextually relevant ways of conducting the study, ensuring that items are phrased in a way that makes sense to participants, and helping to develop additional site-specific items to add to the BRAVE.
Members of a LAC can also comment on findings and help ensure that interpretations of the data are made meaningful in terms of local context. It works well to consult with a group of about five local key informants who have something important to say about the people in their community. The group could include youth, professionals, service providers and/or elders.
Sessions with your LAC can provide useful directions to assist with the implementation and interpretation of the BRAVE, but can also provide qualitative data on the topic of resilience to violent extremism in your research setting.
We have provided an in-depth guide to contextualising the measure in the manual. Please use the contact details provided to get in touch.
The study by Grossman et al (2020) determined that the BRAVE has good content validity (face validity and construct validity), convergent validity, and internal reliability (α) = .76. For more information on the psychometric properties of the measure, please see the manual.
Authors | Location | Sample | Age (years) | Sample characteristics | Items in final measure | BRAVE total score [Baseline Mean (SD)] | Purpose of study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bandung, Indonesia | N=1,210 | Undergraduate university students (Apx. 18-24) | Undergraduate university students | 32-items (includes additional measure) | 95.79 (9.25) [note additional content] | To understand the resilience of university students to violent extremism in Indonesia and to inform future interventions. | |
Jordan, Saudia Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Egypt | N=604 | 18-35 | - | 14 | Not reported | To validate the measure in Arabic contexts. | |
ALPS Resilience (2019) | Tanzania and Mozambique | N=882 | 15-35 | - | 14 | Mozambican sample: 54.35 Tanzanian sample: 56.40 | To discover more about the risk of violent extremism in the eastern region of Southern Africa |
Grossman, Hadfield, Jefferies, Gerrand, & Ungar (2020) | Australia and Canada | N=475 | 18-30 | - | 14 | Australian sample: 53.04 (6.46) Canadian sample: 51.13 (7.26) | Development of the BRAVE measure |
The Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund (GCERF; 2020) | Bangladesh | N=2,496 | 18-29 | University students | 13+5 | 40.13 (4.87) | To test whether the BRAVE measure can be used in Bangladesh. |
Kyrgyzstan | N=589 | 14-19 | School students | 20 | Non-pilot schools: 70.12 (6.85) Pilot schools: 70.72 (6.82) Residential inst.: 71.32 (5.77) | Investigating the role of schools and residential institutions in building the resilience of adolescents to radicalisation and violent extremism in Kyrgyzstan | |
Germany | N=166 | 21.4-36.6 | Turkish migrant background | 14 | Condition A: 52.60 Condition B: 57.90* | Thesis entitled: Between Rejection and Coping: The Consolidation of Turkish Identity in Germany | |
Kumanovo, North Macedonia | N=1,052 | 15+ | - | 14 | 53.49 | Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) Strong Cities Network project, to explore community resilience | |
Five countries | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA | To develop public perception surveys used to inform UN investments in prevention of violent extremism (PVE) at global and regional level, as well as the government policies and plans to prevent and respond to the drivers of radicalization at national and local levels. | |
Vojvodina, Serbia | N=436 | 15-30 | - | 14 | 40.28 (6.50) | Exploring violent extremism among youth | |
Countering Violent Extremism Unit, Youth Justice New South Wales | New South Wales, Australia | Ongoing | 18 | Individuals in custody for terrorism-related offences | 14 | - | Included as a battery of assessment tools to understand aspects of personality, offending behaviours (including violence), cognitive skills, and extremist violence |